Mejorando la efectividad de la Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos (PCIT) con terapias contextuales: un estudio de caso único / Enhancing the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) With Contextual Therapies: A Single Case Study

La Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos (PCIT) es una terapia bien establecida y de elección para trabajar los problemas de conducta en la infancia. En este trabajo se presenta el caso de un niño de siete años con conductas disruptivas. El tratamiento de elección fue PCIT en combinación con otras terapias contextuales como la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) y la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP). Se utilizó un diseño de caso único AB con medidas repetidas de seguimiento. La intervención se llevó a cabo a lo largo de diez sesiones con dos medidas de seguimiento posteriores, al mes y al año de finalizar el tratamiento. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento fue efectivo para reducir los problemas de conducta del niño, incrementar las conductas pro-sociales y mejorar el clima familiar, y se mantienen en el seguimiento a los 12 meses. Este trabajo aporta evidencia sobre la eficacia de PCIT para trabajar con los problemas de conducta en la infancia y destaca la importancia de la conceptualización contextual del caso y de la combinación de dichas terapias contextuales para mejorar los resultados de la intervención (AU)

in childhood. In this paper we present a 7-year-old boy case with disruptive behaviors. The treatment of choice was PCIT in combination with other contextual therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP). A single case AB design with repeated measures follow-up was used. The intervention was conducted over 10 sessions with 2 subsequent follow-up measures, at 1 month and 1 year after the end of treatment. The results show that the treatment was effective in reducing the child’s behavioral problems, increasing pro-social behaviors, and improving the family climate. Also, the results are maintained at 12-month follow-up. This paper provides evidence for the efficacy of PCIT in working with childhood behavior problems and it designates the importance of contextual case conceptualization and the combination of such contextual therapies in improving intervention outcomes (AU)

Meta-analysis of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Child Behaviour Problems.

BACKGROUND: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a well-established treatment for behavioural, hyperactivity and oppositional-defiant problems in children. Previous meta-analyses are scarce, and they have tended to mix problems and measures. OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis study was conducted with all available studies on PCIT (1980 to 2020) to determine its specific efficacy and effectiveness for child behavioural problems. METHOD: Selection from databases collected a total of 100 studies. The inclusion criteria were to compare PCIT in children with behavioural problems between 2 and 12 years of age; comparing groups and using standardized instruments. RESULTS: PCIT exhibited a significant mean effect size ( d = -0.87 [95% CI: -1.10, -0.63] versus control and/or treatment-as-usual groups, but the effect size was smaller and not significant in follow-ups ( d = -0.23 [95% CI: -0.49, 0.04]). The within-group studies, comparing versions of PCIT, also demonstrated a significant effect size ( d = -0.26 (95% CI: -0.43, -0.08), and in pre-post comparisons this effect was greater ( d = -1.40 [95% CI: -1.69, -1.10]). CONCLUSIONS: PCIT is an effective intervention for treating child behaviour problems such as disruptive, hyperactive, negative, and externalizing problems. It is supported by 40 years of experimental and clinical studies, and also by this meta-analysis.

Una Revisión Sistemática De La Efectividad Y Eficacia De La Terapia De Interacción Padres-Hijos / A Systematic Review Of The Effectiveness And Efficacy Of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

La Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos (Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, PCIT) es una terapia breve para tratar de forma efectiva los problemas de conducta en niños de 2 a 7 años. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la efectividad y eficacia de la PCIT a través de estas bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, Psyclit, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Dialnet, y las de la propia terapia. Se han revisado 165 estudios experimentales seleccionados de un total de 225. Para establecer la eficacia de la terapia se han usado los criterios propuestos por la Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. Los resultados de esta revisión indican que PCIT es un tratamiento bien establecido para cinco problemáticas infantiles: problemas de conducta, Trastorno Negativista Desafiante, Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad, prevención del maltrato y para el tratamiento del maltrato infantil. (AU)

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a brief therapy to effectively treat behavioral problems in children aged 2 to 7. A systematic review of the effectiveness and efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been carried out through these databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Psyclit, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Dialnet, and those of the therapy itself. From a total of 225 studies, 165 experimental studies were selected and reviewed. The criteria proposed by the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology have been used to establish the efficacy of the therapy. The results of this review indicate that PCIT is a wellestablished treatment for five problems in childhood: behavioral problems, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prevention of child maltreatment, and child maltreatment. (AU)

Meta-analysis of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Child Behaviour Problems / Meta-análisis Sobre la Eficacia y Efectividad de la Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos (PCIT) Para Problemas de Conducta Infantil

Background: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a well-established treatment for behavioural, hyperactivity and oppositional-defiant problems in children. Previous meta-analyses are scarce, and they have tended to mix problems and measures. Objective: A meta-analysis study was conducted with all available studies on PCIT (1980 to 2020) to determine its specific efficacy and effectiveness for child behavioural problems. Method: Selection from databases collected a total of 100 studies. The inclusion criteria were to compare PCIT in children with behavioural problems between 2 and 12 years of age; comparing groups and using standardized instruments. Results: PCIT exhibited a significant mean effect size (d = -0.87 [95% CI: -1.10, -0.63] versus control and/or treatment-as-usual groups, but the effect size was smaller and not significant in follow-ups (d = -0.23 [95% CI: -0.49, 0.04]). The within-group studies, comparing versions of PCIT, also demonstrated a significant effect size (d = -0.26 (95% CI: -0.43, -0.08), and in pre-post comparisons this effect was greater (d = -1.40 [95% CI: -1.69, -1.10]). Conclusions: PCIT is an effective intervention for treating child behaviour problems such as disruptive, hyperactive, negative, and externalizing problems. It is supported by 40 years of experimental and clinical studies, and also by this meta-analysis. (AU)

Antecedentes: la Terapia de Interacción Padres-Hijos (PCIT) es un tratamiento bien establecido para los problemas de conducta infantil. Los meta-análisis previos son escasos y mezclan problemas y medidas. Objetivo: realizar un meta-análisis con todos los estudios disponibles sobre PCIT (1980 a 2020) para conocer su eficacia y efectividad sobre los problemas de conducta infantil. Método: la selección final recogió 100 estudios. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: comparar la PCIT en niños con diversos problemas de conducta; comparar grupos y utilizar instrumentos estandarizados. Resultados: PCIT ha mostrado un tamaño del efecto medio significativo (d = -0,87 [IC 95%: -1,10, -0,63] frente a grupos de control y/o tratamientos usuales; pero ha sido menor y no significativo en los seguimientos (d = -0,23 [IC 95%: -0,49, 0,04]). Los estudios que comparan versiones de PCIT también han mostrado un tamaño del efecto significativo (d = -0,26 [IC del 95%: -0,43, -0,08]), al igual que los intra-grupo con un efecto mayor (d = -1,40 [IC del 95%: -1,69, -1,10]). Conclusiones: la PCIT es una intervención eficaz para el tratamiento de los problemas de conducta infantil, disruptivas, hiperactivas, negativistas y externalizantes. Está avalada por 40 años de estudios experimentales y clínicos, y también en este meta-análisis. (AU)

Genotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis disclosed genetic variation in isolates from dogs in Colombia / Genotipagem de Malassezia pachydermatis revelou variação genética em isolados de cães na Colômbia

Malassezia pachydermatis is a lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeast mostly isolated from animals' skin; hence, it is regarded as a zoophilic species causing otitis externa in dogs. Aspects associated with its epidemiology and pathogenicity is a matter of interest. This study aimed to conduct a molecular characterization of 43 isolates of M. pachydermatis obtained from dogs with otitis externa. For this purpose, the 5.8S internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and D1/D2 26S rRNA regions were amplified, sequenced and analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with AluI, CfoI, and BstF5I endonucleases. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these isolates grouped with the sequence types I, IV and V, previously proposed for M. pachydermatis. Interestingly, we found a new polymorphic RFLP pattern using BstF5I, these isolates were associated with the sequence types IV and V, nevertheless an association between polymorphic RFLP patterns, and fosfolipase activity or canine population data was not observed. These findings underline the genetic diversity of M. pachydermatis and provide new insights about the epidemiology of this species in the analyzed population.(AU)

Malassezia pachydermatis é uma levedura lipofílica e dependente de lipídios, principalmente da pele de animais. Sendo, por essa razão, considerada uma espécie zoofílica e causadora de otite externa em cães. Neste sentido, aspectos associados à sua epidemiologia e patogenicidade constituem um tema de interesse científico. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a caracterização molecular de 43 isolados de M. pachydermatis obtidos a partir de cães com otite externa. Para esta propósito, foram amplificadas, sequenciadas e analisadas com enzimas de restrição as regiões do gene 5.8S, do espaçador interno transcrito 2 (ITS2) e D1/D2 do 26S do rRNA pelo método RFLP, com as endonucleases AluI, CfOI e BstF5I. Análises filogenéticas revelaram que os isolados se agruparam com as sequências tipo I, IV e V de M. pachydermatis como já descrito anteriormente. De maneira interessante, se observou um novo RFLP polimórfico utilizando BstF5I. Os isolados que mostraram esse padrão foram associados com os padrões IV e V. No entanto, não foi observada associação entre padrões polimórficos de RFLP e atividade de fosfolipase ou dados da população canina. Estes resultados demonstram a diversidade genética de M. pachydermatis e fornecem novas perspectivas sobre a epidemiologia destas espécies na população analisada.(AU)

Evaluación de la capacidad patogénica de Fusarium spp. en modelos vegetal y murino / Evaluation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity in plant and murine models

El género Fusarium es ampliamente conocido por su capacidad fitopatógena, típicamente asociada al marchitamiento vascular. Sin embargo, se ha reportado como un patógeno oportunista en pacientes inmunocompetentes e inmunocomprometidos, por lo que puede ser considerado como un microorganismo de interés en estudios de patogenicidad en diferentes hospederos. Este trabajo evaluó la capacidad patogénica de aislamientos de Fusarium spp. de diferentes orígenes en hospederos vegetales y en un hospedero animal (modelo murino). Doce aislamientos de Fusarium spp. de origen vegetal, animal superficial, humano superficial y humano sistémico fueron inoculados en plantas de tomate, gulupa y clavel, y en ratones BALB/c, inmunocompetentes e inmunosuprimidos. Las pruebas de patogenicidad en plantas no mostraron todos los síntomas asociados al marchitamiento vascular en los tres modelos vegetales, pero la colonización y la necrosis de los haces vasculares observada en todos los casos, independientemente de la especie de Fusarium y el origen del aislamiento, demostró el potencial infeccioso de Fusarium spp. en las diferentes especies de plantas. Por otro lado, las pruebas de patogenicidad en el modelo murino evidenciaron alteraciones del comportamiento. Asimismo, se observó en el modelo murino que todos los aislamientos infectaron y colonizaron diferentes órganos, independientemente de su origen, de la especie o del estado inmunitario del hospedero, pero solamente cinco (de diferente origen y correspondientes a diferentes especies) generaron mortalidad. En contraste, la prueba de inoculación superficial no evidenció lesiones ni colonización. Los resultados observados indican el potencial papel patogénico de los aislamientos de Fusarium spp. en los diferentes tipos de hospederos. Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar en estudios de factores de patogenicidad que expliquen la capacidad de este género para colonizar múltiples hospederos.

The genus Fusarium is widely recognized for its phytopathogenic capacity. However, it has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Thus, it can be considered a microorganism of interest in pathogenicity studies on different hosts. Therefore, this work evaluated the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolates from different origins in plants and animals (murine hosts). Twelve isolates of Fusarium spp. from plants, animal superficial mycoses, and human superficial and systemic mycoses were inoculated in tomato, passion fruit and carnation plants, and in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Pathogenicity tests in plants did not show all the symptoms associated with vascular wilt in the three plant models; however, colonization and necrosis of the vascular bundles, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates, showed the infective potential of Fusarium spp. in different plant species. Moreover, the pathogenicity tests in the murine model revealed behavioral changes. It was noteworthy that only five isolates (different origin and species) caused mortality. Additionally, it was observed that all isolates infected and colonized different organs, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates or host immune status. In contrast, the superficial inoculation test showed no evidence of epidermal injury or colonization. The observed results in plant and murine models suggest the pathogenic potential of Fusarium spp. isolates in different types of hosts. However, further studies on pathogenicity are needed to confirm the multihost capacity of this genus.

[Evaluation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity in plant and murine models]. / Evaluación de la capacidad patogénica de Fusarium spp. en modelos vegetal y murino.

The genus Fusarium is widely recognized for its phytopathogenic capacity. However, it has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Thus, it can be considered a microorganism of interest in pathogenicity studies on different hosts. Therefore, this work evaluated the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolates from different origins in plants and animals (murine hosts). Twelve isolates of Fusarium spp. from plants, animal superficial mycoses, and human superficial and systemic mycoses were inoculated in tomato, passion fruit and carnation plants, and in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Pathogenicity tests in plants did not show all the symptoms associated with vascular wilt in the three plant models; however, colonization and necrosis of the vascular bundles, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates, showed the infective potential of Fusarium spp. in different plant species. Moreover, the pathogenicity tests in the murine model revealed behavioral changes. It was noteworthy that only five isolates (different origin and species) caused mortality. Additionally, it was observed that all isolates infected and colonized different organs, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates or host immune status. In contrast, the superficial inoculation test showed no evidence of epidermal injury or colonization. The observed results in plant and murine models suggest the pathogenic potential of Fusarium spp. isolates in different types of hosts. However, further studies on pathogenicity are needed to confirm the multihost capacity of this genus.

Actividad antifúngica in vitro de azoles y anfotericina B frente a Malassezia furfur por el método de microdilución M27-A3 del CLSI y Etest® / In vitro antifungal activity of azoles and amphotericin B against Malassezia furfur by the CLSI M27-A3 microdilution and Etest® methods

Antecedentes. Malassezia furfur es una levadura comensal de la piel del ser humano que ha sido asociada con la presencia de algunas entidades dermatológicas e infecciones sistémicas oportunistas. Por su condición dependiente de lípidos, los métodos de referencia establecidos para las levaduras por el Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) para evaluar la sensibilidad antifúngica no son aplicables. Objetivos. Evaluar la sensibilidad in vitro de aislamientos de M. furfur asociados a procesos patológicos en el ser humano frente a antifúngicos de uso clínico. Métodos. Se evaluó el perfil de sensibilidad a la anfotericina B, el itraconazol, el ketoconazol y el voriconazol de 20 aislamientos de M. furfur mediante el método de microdilución en caldo (CLSI M27-A3) y Etest®. Resultados. El itraconazol y el voriconazol presentaron la mayor actividad antifúngica frente a los aislamientos evaluados. El acuerdo esencial entre los dos métodos usados para evaluar la actividad antifúngica de los azoles estuvo en el 60-85%, y el acuerdo categórico en el 70-80%; para la anfotericina B tanto el acuerdo esencial como el categórico fueron del 10%. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los dos métodos evaluados los azoles fueron los compuestos que presentaron la mayor actividad antifúngica frente a M. furfur; sin embargo, es necesario realizar más estudios que permitan afirmar que Etest® es un método confiable para ser implementado en la rutina del laboratorio clínico (AU)

Background. Malassezia furfur is a human skin commensal yeast that can cause skin and opportunistic systemic infections. Given its lipid dependant status, the reference methods established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to evaluate antifungal susceptibility in yeasts are not applicable. Aims. To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of M. furfur isolates from infections in humans to antifungals of clinical use. Methods. The susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole of 20 isolates of M. furfur, using the broth microdilution method (CLSI M27-A3) and Etest®, was evaluated. Results. Itraconazole and voriconazole had the highest antifungal activity against the isolates tested. The essential agreement between the two methods for azoles antifungal activity was in the region of 60-85% and the categorical agreement was around 70-80%, while the essential and categorical agreement for amphotericin B was 10%. Conclusions. The azoles were the compounds that showed the highest antifungal activity against M. furfur, as determined by the two techniques used; however more studies need to be performed to support that Etest® is a reliable method before its implementation as a routine clinical laboratory test (AU)

[In vitro antifungal activity of azoles and amphotericin B against Malassezia furfur by the CLSI M27-A3 microdilution and Etest® methods]. / Actividad antifúngica in vitro de azoles y anfotericina B frente a Malassezia furfur por el método de microdilución M27-A3 del CLSI y Etest®.

BACKGROUND: Malassezia furfur is a human skin commensal yeast that can cause skin and opportunistic systemic infections. Given its lipid dependant status, the reference methods established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to evaluate antifungal susceptibility in yeasts are not applicable. AIMS: To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of M. furfur isolates from infections in humans to antifungals of clinical use. METHODS: The susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole of 20 isolates of M. furfur, using the broth microdilution method (CLSI M27-A3) and Etest®, was evaluated. RESULTS: Itraconazole and voriconazole had the highest antifungal activity against the isolates tested. The essential agreement between the two methods for azoles antifungal activity was in the region of 60-85% and the categorical agreement was around 70-80%, while the essential and categorical agreement for amphotericin B was 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The azoles were the compounds that showed the highest antifungal activity against M. furfur, as determined by the two techniques used; however more studies need to be performed to support that Etest® is a reliable method before its implementation as a routine clinical laboratory test.

Phenotypic characterization of canine Malassezia spp., isolates / Caracterización fenotípica de aislamientos de Malassezia spp., de origen canino

ABSTRACT Objective . To characterize and identify yeasts of the genus Malassezia by phenotypic features. Materials and methods. First, the macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics were described. In addition we performed biochemical and physiological assays as Tweens and Cremophor, including more. Results. Our results evidenced of 105 isolates obtained from dogs diagnosed with external otitis, it was possible to identify two distinct species from 46 isolates within the Malassezia genus: 36.19% (n=38) were identified as M. pachydermatis and 7.62% (n=8) as M. furfur. According to phenotypic patterns the remaining 56.19% (n=59) were reported as Malassezia spp., possibly corresponding to M. furfur and/or M. pachydermatis. Conclusions. Results emphasize the necessity to characterize according to species. It is not feasible to define Malassezia by species based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological findings. Therefore, molecular genotyping should be performed to identify markers allowing a more precise isolate identification. This would broaden our epidemiological knowledge regarding different species involved in canine otitis pathologies.

RESUMEN Objetivo . Caracterizar e identificar levaduras del género Malassezia, mediante características fenotípicas. Materiales y métodos . Inicialmente se describieron las características morfológicas macroscópicas y microscópicas, adicionalmente se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas y fisiológicas como Tween y Cremophor, entre otras. Resultados . De 105 aislamientos de caninos diagnosticados previamente con otitis, 46 fueron caracterizados hasta especie, así: El 36.19% (n=38) correspondió a M. pachydermatis, el 7.2% (n=8) a M. furfur; y 56.19% (n=59) restante fueron reportados como Malassezia spp., debido a los patrones fenotípicos atípicos que presentaron, y que podrían corresponder a variantes de M. furfur y/o M. pachydermatis. Conclusión. Estos resultados enfatizan la necesidad de hacer una caracterización a nivel de especie y/o genotipos mediante marcadores moleculares que permitan una identificación más precisa de los aislamientos. Con el presente estudio, se contribuye al conocimiento de las diferentes especies involucradas en patologías óticas en caninos.

Optimizing a culture medium for biomass and phenolic compounds production using Ganoderma lucidum.

The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.

Optimizing a culture medium for biomass and phenolic compounds production using Ganoderma lucidum

The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.

Evaluación de actividades enzimáticas de Fusarium spp., aislados de lesiones en humanos, animales y plantas / Avaliação das atividades enzimáticas de Fusarium spp. Isolados a partir de lesões em humanos, animais e plantas / Assessment of enzymatic characterization of Fusarium spp. isolated from human, animal, and plant rounds

Objetivo. Determinar actividades amilolíticas, celulolíticas, lipolíticas, pectinolíticas y proteolíticas en 32 aislamientos de Fusarium spp. de origen humano, animal y vegetal. Materiales y métodos. Las actividades enzimáticas se determinaron a nivel cualitativo, por medio de la medición de halos de hidrólisis en placas de agar con el respectivo sustrato, y a nivel cuantitativo se realizó un cultivo líquido para determinar la degradación del respectivo sustrato por medio de técnicas colorimétricas. Resultados. Todos los aislamientos presentaron actividades enzimáticas a nivel cualitativo, excepto las amilolíticas y lipolíticas. La determinación a nivel cuantitativo fue posible para las enzimas evaluadas, a excepción de las lipasas. Conclusión. La determinación de los perfiles enzimáticos amilolíticos, celulolíticos, pectinolíticos y proteolíticos de cada uno de los aislamientos evaluados pertenecientes al género Fusarium sugirió su capacidad, indistintamente de su procedencia, de degradar estos sustratos...

Assessment of enzymatic characterization of Fusarium spp. isolated from human, animal, and plant wounds. Objective. To determine amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, pectinolytic and proteolytic activities in 32 Fusarium spp. isolates from humans, animals and plants. Materials and methods. Qualitative determination of enzymatic activities was done by measuring hydrolysis halos in agar plates with their corresponding substrate. Quantitative determination was done by colorimetric techniques, using liquid culture supernatants to determine the respective substrate degradation. Results. All isolates showed enzymatic activities from a qualitative point of view, except amylolytic and lipolytic. Quantitative determination was possible for all the evaluated enzymes except lipases. Conclusion. The determination of amylolytic, cellulolytic, pectinolytic and proteolytic enzymatic profiles of each of the Fusarium isolates assessed suggests their capacity to degrade these substrates, irrespectively of their origin...

Avaliação das atividades enzimáticas de Fusarium spp. Isolados a partir de lesões em humanos, animais e plantas. Objetivo. Determinar as atividades amilolíticas, celulolíticas, lipolítica, pectinolíticas e proteolíticas em 32 isolamentos de Fusarium spp. de origem humana, animal e vegetal. Materiais e métodos. As atividades enzimáticas foram determinadas a nível qualitativo medindo os halos de hidrólise em placas de agar com o substrato respectivo e a nível quantitativo realizou-se uma cultura líquida para determinar a degradação do substrato respectivos por meio de técnicas colorimétricas. Resultados. Todos os isolados apresentaram uma atividade enzimática a nível qualitativo, exceto as amilolíticas e lipolíticas. A determinação a nível quantitativo foi possível para as enzimas testadas, exceto para as lipases. Conclusão. A determinação de perfis enzimáticos amilolíticos, celulolíticos, pectinolíticos e proteolíticos de cada um dos isolados testados pertencentes ao gênero Fusarium, sugeriu sua capacidade, independentemente da sua origem, para degradar estes substratos...

Efecto del sustrato y la exposición a la luz en la producción de una cepa de Trichoderma sp / Effects of substrate and light exposition in the production of Trichoderma sp

Con el fin de evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de luz sobre la producción de biomasa de una cepa de Trichoderma sp. en fermentación sólida y sumergida, se probaron medios arroz 53 por ciento (p/p), arroz 53 por ciento (p/p)-melaza 3 por ciento(p/p) y arroz 53 por ciento (p/p)-melaza 10 por ciento (p/p) en agua destilada, con incubación 25oC y períodos de luz constante y fotoperíodo 24 h luz/24 h oscuridad durante 8 días. Los parámetros estimados fueron densidad poblacional (conidios/mL), germinación de esporas a 24 horas y porcentaje de pureza. Los resultados indicaron que el proceso de fermentación sólida empleando como sustrato arroz-agua destilada a 25ðC y la exposición constante a la luz permitió mayor recuperación de conidios (45x1018 conidios/mL), con 96 por ciento de germinación a 24 horas y una pureza estimada de 92,1por ciento. En la fermentación sumergida se obtuvo un porcentaje de pureza del 76,8 por ciento y la germinación de conidios a las 24 h fue de 91,2 por ciento, mostrando como desventaja un bajo porcentaje de pureza frente a la fermentación sólida.

In order to evaluate the effect of temperature and light conditions on biomass production of a Trichoderma sp. strain, three culture media were tested: rice 53% (w/w), rice 53% (w/w) -molasses 3% (w/w) and rice 53% (w/w)-molasses 10% (w/w) in distilled water. Incubation conditions were: 25°C, constant light and a photoperiod of 24 h light/24 h darkness during 8 days. The evaluated parameters were population density (conidia/mL), spore germination after 24 hours and purity percentage. The results showed that solid fermentation using rice - distilled water as substrate at 25°C and constant light, allowedthe highest conidia yield (45x1018 conidia/mL), 96% germination after 24 hours, and 92.1% purity. The liquid fermentation rendered a purityof 76.8% and conidia germination of 91.2% after 24 hours, showing a disadvantageous lower purity percentage compared to solidfermentation.

Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito das condições de luz sobre a produção de biomassa de uma cepa de Trichoderma sp, em fermentação sólida e submergida, foram testados diferentes meios: arroz 53% (p/p), arroz 53% (p/p)-melaço 3% (p/p) e arroz 53% (p/p)-melaço 10% (p/p) em água destilada, com incubação 25°C e períodos de luz constante e fotoperíodo 24 h luz/24 h escuridão durante 8 dias. Os parâmetros estimados foram densidade populacional (conídios/mL), germinação de esporas a 24 horas e porcentagem de pureza. Os resultados indicaram que o processo de fermentação sólida usando como substrato arroz-água destilada a 25ºC e exposição constante à luz, permitiu maior recuperação de conídios (45x1018 conídios/mL), com 96% de germinação a 24 horas e uma pureza estimada de 92,1%. Na fermentação submergida obteve-se um percentual de pureza de 76,8% e a germinação de conídios as 24 h foi de 91,2%, mostrando como desvantagem um baixo percentual de pureza frente à fermentação sólida.